In the periods of substantial changes of company's assets, the accounting standards (CFRS and IFRS) require and enable the application of various models of revaluation of assets to the fair value. The revaluation of assets to the fair value is obligatory for some types of financial assets, whereas for other types (such as long-term tangible assets) it represents the possible procedure which companies may but are not obliged to apply. Besides, the models of revaluation and subsequent recognition of realized revaluation profits or losses are not the same for all types of assets. The model of revaluation of long-term tangible assets, which causes a number of problems and controversies, is the topic of this article.
How to attract a customer and how to make him/her come again, how to make him/her stay faithful, devoted, loyal is the concern of entire departments in some companies as well as a number of marketing and other agencies. Accordingly, customer's loyalty is also included in accounting, especially in the case when such customers fulfil the expectations of a skilful advertising agent. This article does not represent all accounting problems regarding customer's loyalty but refers to the issue of customer's loyalty in view of the IFRS Board. The author of the text presumes that such an issue is the same in large, medium-sized and small-sized companies and that the approach should not be different in view of the standards applied by a particular company.
Every day the number of companies in bankruptcy procedures grows. Accordingly, a question arises whether to do business with such companies. Start-up of bankruptcy procedure means the beginning of the sales of a company's assets in order to settle the liabilities to current creditors (bankruptcy creditors) and new creditors (creditors of bankruptcy estate). The sales of assets of a company in bankruptcy represents a good opportunity for investors who can acquire valuable assets at a favourable price. However, a good bankruptcy procedure plan, accepted by bankruptcy creditors, can mean a new opportunity for continuation of business operations. The article deals with the specifics of operations of companies in bankruptcy.
Companies – enterprises (small-sized, medium-sized and large, except banks, savings banks and insurance companies), which have to apply double-entry book-keeping in their business records according to the Accounting Act, are obliged to deliver a statistical report for the period January-September 2010. This article provides instructions for filling in the positions of the obligatory statistical report. Keywords:
The financial reports in budgetary accounting are prepared according to the Rulebook on Financial Reporting in Budgetary Accounting. The persons obliged to prepare such reports are the budgets, budget beneficiaries and out-of-budget beneficiaries. The financial reports for the period January-September 2010 are to be submitted to the Financial Agency until 11 October, 2010. The article describes the procedure of drawing-up such reports.
Non-profit organizations applying double-entry book-keeping have to prepare a S-PR-RAS Form for the period January-September 2010 and deliver it to the Financial Agency. Such organizations comprise all non-profit organizations established since the beginning of 2010 regardless of their size. The basis for filling-in the form are the data presented in book-keeping accounts. Due to the fact that neither the accounting nor filling-in the form have been changed, the article points to certain issues upon preparation of the report.
Autor: Mr. sc. Nada DREMEL, dipl. oec., ovl. rač. i ovl. rev.
Although non-profit organizations have not been established with the aim to make a profit, they can be engaged in certain economic activities if they fulfil specific criteria. If a non-profit organization performs certain activities and becomes a VAT payer, it is obliged to issue an R-1 invoice for delivered goods and services. The article presents examples of recording and issuing an invoice by non-profit organizations in case of economic activities.
Autor: Mirela GLAVOTA, dipl. oec., ovl. rač. i ovl. rev.
The employees working in diplomatic missions or consulates of a foreign country, in an international organization or an international representative office or an organization having a diplomatic immunity in the Republic of Croatia are obliged to pay the income tax and the sur-tax from the salary and inform the Tax Administration about the effected payments in the determined forms. The employer, i.e. the representative office they work for is obliged to calculate and pay the contributions from and on the salary. The procedures are stated in this article.
Autor: Lucija TURKOVIĆ-JARŽA, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač.
According to the provisions of the amended VAT Act and the new VAT Rulebook, which became effective on 1 January 2010, the provision of goods and services to the above stated enterprises belong to the group of tax exemption and have been equated to exports, which means VAT exempted. However, it should be pointed out that since the introduction of the VAT system until today the tax position of foreign persons in the Republic of Croatia, i.e. diplomatic missions and consulates, international organizations and foreign representative offices has become more explicit, being a constituent part of the usual entrepreneurial practice. Accordingly, the providers of goods and services to the above stated enterprises can apply the legal provision referring to VAT exemption, but only if they deliver the certificate on their tax status issued by the competent state body, i.e. the Diplomatic Protocol. The article deals with the issues regarding tax exemptions, the conditions for tax exemptions, the way of issuing invoices and recording in tax records.
Autor: Mr. sc. Ljerka MARKOTA, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač.
The article deals with the issue of tax payment of legal successors of a physical person when they inherit some property. A specific problem arises when a physical person does not leave enough assets to cover tax liabilities and contributions for pension and health insurance. In such a case Tax Administration determines the liabilities and the value of the property and the liabilities of each successor.
Mogućnost priznavanja pretporeza očito je još uvijek aktualno pitanje i nakon dvanaest godina primjene sustava PDV-a. Može se sa sigurnošću reći da je za obveznike PDV-a porez u osnovi „neutralan“, pritom treba zadovoljiti niz poreznih pravila koje treba ispravno tumačiti pa tek potom primijeniti. U tome nam pomažu, ali istodobno stvaraju i problem, različita tumačenja s kojima se susrećemo u praksi, kao i službena stajališta te presude Upravnog suda. Tako nas je nedavno zbog nedorečenosti nekih temeljnih pravila za priznavanje pretporeza ili pogrešnog razumijevanja iznenadila presuda Upravnog suda RH od 16. prosinca 2009. u vezi s određivanjem obračunskog razdoblja u kojemu porezni obveznik može priznati pretporez. O čemu je riječ i u čemu je, prema našem mišljenju, Upravni sud RH pogrešno presudio, može se pročitati u nastavku članka.
1. Zakonski okvir kojim su utvrđena temeljna pravila za priznavanje pretporeza
2. Kontroverze koje proizlaze iz presude upravnog suda u vezi s razdobljem priznavanja pretporeza
Autori: Mr. sc. Ljerka MARKOTA, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač. Dr. sc. Vlado BRKANIĆ, ovl. rač. i ovl. rev.
The article presents the concept of a permanent business unit according to the contracts on avoidance of double taxation and the way of taxation of profit made by a permanent business unit in the state of resource. It also deals with the way of taxation in the resident state of the business entity, whose permanent business unit is its constituent part.
Currently there are many debates referring to tax treatment of the business activities (operations) relocated abroad. The article deals with the issue of application of the provisions on adjustment of transfer prices in such a case and the effects of the provision of the act on adjustment of the border price and the transfer price of the relocation of the business activity. The above stated case is taken from the German business practice and provides useful information on the complicated issues regarding taxation of transfer prices.
Autor: Prof. dr. sc. Andreas OESTREICHER Dirk WILCKE
Business environment, quick market changes and conditions of business operations impose the need to monitor the developments among competitors and trends in economy. The goals of the company's management are to preserve the company's values and to ensure the company's growth. In order to ensure such goals and further development it is necessary to make investments. The investments can comprise new equipment and technology, but also takeover of a company which has a developed product or services and a certain degree of presence on the market. The decision on investments requires analyses, planning and forecasting of future developments. The article deals with takeover of a company, motivations, phases and methods of takeover.
The article presents a debate by the International Accounting Standards Board referring to depreciation of purchase costs and devaluation of financial instruments.
Form The most extensive part of the project documentation to be prepared for application for the projects for non-refundable assets within the IPA Program, as well as other applications such as those for the EU Programs, is certainly the project application form. The project application form contains detailed information and the proof of quality of the project idea. It should also comprise the version of the idea i.e. the concept of the project, including the main data on the applicant and partners in the project, if any. This article analyzes the project application form i.e. two key chapters which are to be filled in in order to submit the project application.
The article presents the suggestions of the European Commission referring to the legislation on the unique market. The changes of the Act on Unique Market are aimed at a higher employment and economic growth. Other suggestions comprise engagement of the agencies for observation of banks, insurance sector, stock exchange markets, etc.
The article presents the possibility of implementing the system of operational collection of receivables for each small-sized and middle-sized company. Due to the fact that insolvency is often connected with difficulties in collection of receivables, the system presented in this article can at least partially diminish the consequences of lack of liquidity. The system is simply to use and requires the basic knowledge of Excel. It is to be used by employees in sales or commercial departments who have sold the goods or services and have to take care of the collection of payment.
The process of planning results in considerations on business operations, seeks for solutions, initiates creativity, creates the conditions for permanent realization of success and offers the possibility to recognize risks, chances and threats. Planning represents the process of considering and combining the operational and tactical goals with the strategy, the issue of permanent observation and adjustment. The process of planning for the following business year represents just one step towards the endless cycle of the specific planning phases. Although companies start the process of planning in the last quarter of the current business year, it actually never stops but is continually being developed and realized. The article presents the procedure of preparation and decision referring to the annual plan of a company's operations.
According to the Act on Prevention of Money Laundry and Financing Terrorism companies are obliged to draw-up rulebooks regarding this issue. Due to the fact that specific companies obliged to apply this Act are engaged in similar activities, their rulebooks can have similar contents. This article presents a sample of a rulebook for specific activities, which are stated in the introduction of this article.
Izborom iz svakodnevnih pitanja upućenih RRiF-ovim savjetnicima čitateljstvu pružamo mogućnost upoznavanja s praksom, čime će proširiti svoje spoznaje u rješavanje sve složenijih svakodnevnih problema u računovodstvu, porezu i financijama.
Physical persons frequently perform some business activity besides their employment. Business records are prepared according to the data referring to performance of a private business activity, which is taxed by the income tax or profit tax in the same way as if a physical person performed such an activity without having a permanent employment status. The taxation rules applied to the self-employed activities in the case when they represent permanent employment are principally the same when additional business activities are performed with permanent employment, regardless of the type of tax – income tax or profit tax. The author of the text writes about the exceptions which mostly refer to calculations of contributions.
Besides supervision in the field of commerce, catering and consumers' protection, economic inspectors of the State Inspectorate supervise the application of the law and regulations which determine performance of crafts businesses and services, product labelling, correct measuring standards, copyrights and rights to use of seal, including the supervision in other economic activities if the specific act determines the competence of some other government body. The article provides the answers to the frequently asked questions made by economic entities and consumers to the inspectors of the State Inspectorate regarding performing the above stated activities.
The largest number of questions sent to the State Inspectorate in the field of catering industry refers to the book of complaints. The provider of catering services is obliged to keep the book of complaints according to the provisions of the Act on Catering Services. Legal and physical persons providing services in tourism are obliged to keep the book of complaints according to the provisions of the Act on Provision of Services in Tourism. The article presents the contents, the form, the behaviour towards beneficiaries of catering and tourist services and the language used in complaints.
The new Act on Protection of Market Competition became effective on 1 October 2010. The Act was passed in the middle of the last year but its application was postponed due to the time necessary for adjustment of all the participants comprised by this Act. The article explains some new provisions of the Act important for its application in the practice, which has been limited in many ways so far. The Act will also increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the entire system of market competition.
Autori: Dr. sc. Dario Dunković Slaven POSAVAC, dipl. oec. i ovl. int. rev.
Unfortunately the economic crisis in Croatia is still present, the consequence of which is a large number of dismissed people and additional burden of the state budget due to the fact that many unemployed people registered themselves at the Croatian Employment Agency in order to obtain the unemployment compensation. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to explain which termination of the contract on employment provides to the employee the right to the unemployment compensation at the Croatian Employment Agency.
Despite a large number of cases in court practice the reasons for extraordinary termination of the contract on employment causes uncertainties of employers and employees, too. It is often hard to determine whether a certain misbehaviour or negligence of an employee represents a justifiable reason to terminate the contract on employment as the most serious measure against the employee who does not fulfil the working obligations. The article presents the court decisions regarding some cases of extraordinary termination of contract on employment by the employer.
The most frequent types of securities in practice are not connected with high costs. They are generally available, can be transferable – which provides to the seller the opportunity to collect payments i.e. receivables through transfer of securities – and are acceptable both to the seller and buyer. The article primarily deals with two types of securities – a bill of exchange and a promissory note. However, taking into consideration its importance this article would not be complete without a review of a bank guarantee, as well.
The institute of statute of barred debts in view of law of obligations and public law forces legal entities to take care of the realization of their rights i.e. payment of receivables on time, in order not to lose the right to the forced collection of payments. Accordingly, each creditor who wants to prevent losing his/her rights due to expiration of time should be acquainted with the legal framework of the institute of barred debts. Legal presumptions for barring of specific receivables should clearly be determined. A creditor should know which actions to take in order to prevent the appearance of barred debts and collect his/her receivables.
Special benefits can only be determined by a company's contract, upon its preparation or by its amendments. Such benefits can comprise various property or management rights awarded to a specific member or members of the company ad personam or refer to a particular business share with specific legal obligations and rights.
This workshop deals with recording of collection of receivables by credit cards and correction of incorrect recording in previous accounting periods. According to the principles of budgetary accounting and when the provision of products and services is collected by credit cards, the income in the class 6 should be recorded after the receivables from credit card owners have been collected. The procedure regarding correction of errors is determined by the accounting procedures. Accordingly, errors can be presented as income or expenditure or just as the event directly on the accounts in the class 9.
Autor: Mr. sc. Nada DREMEL, dipl. oec., ovl. rač. i ovl. rev.
