E-commerce has been used rather frequently due to considerably lower operating costs (infrastructure, employees) compared to the ‘classic’ way of commerce. Customers get used to paying through internet, usually by a credit card. Accordingly, the number of such transactions is growing, too. In commerce there are some specifics regarding the accounting and e-commerce, which is the topic of this article.
Reservations represent the estimated amounts of liabilities, which can be assessed on the date of drawing up the particular financial assets and which are likely to require the resource outflow of a company and which represent the result of the past events. If a certain event does not fulfil the stated conditions, these are not liabilities but the so-called unforeseeable liabilities. Reservations may be recorded as the cost of the period, whereas some of them can be recognized as the cost upon the preparation of the tax return form and some are not. The article presents the accounting procedure in view of bookkeeping and some comments on the possible taxation of the realized reservations.
Autor: Dr. sc. Šime GUZIĆ , viši pred. i ovl. rač.
Test vehicles are purchased by the car dealers who wish to provide test drives to the potential customers. The purchase of test vehicles subjects to deduction (exemption) of the value added tax if such vehicles are used for test drives, only. Test vehicles do not subject to the calculation and payment of the special tax on motor vehicles. A potential customer may test the vehicle in the period of three days at the latest. Each use of the test vehicles should be recorded and includes the mileage. All the expenses of using such vehicles are recognized in terms of taxation.
Classic (oldtimer) cars and other similar assets, classified as historical, cultural and technical goods, which can be kept or add value, can be included into the business assets of an enterprise. The article presents the viewpoints based on the German financial practice, taking into consideration the Croatian regulations. Such assets subject to the special way of calculating depreciation, called the method of comparable cost. Principally, the estimate of the lifetime of an oldtimer is not applied is such a case, due to the fact that the goal is to preserve the original features of such assets as longer as possible. The return on investment (iproperty marketability) and the added value are an important proof of the financial opportunity of such property investments.
Autor: Dr. sc. Vlado BRKANIĆ , prof. vis. šk., ovl. rač. i ovl. rev.
This budgetary workshop records and analyses the application of a foreign currency clause in case of depositing of cash assets and the sales of small inventory. The application of a foreign currency clause and the gains/losses in HRK which arise in such a case is not questionable. The way of its recording is interesting, especially if it has not been realized. All the parallel recordings, when a foreign currency clause is applied upon cash depositing, should be especially considered. Due to the fact that the receivables regarding the sales of small inventory are not specifically defined in the accounting regulations, there is a question how to record them.
Autor: Mr. sc. Nada DREMEL , dipl. oec., ovl. rač., ovl. rev. i porezni savjetnik
This workshop on non-profit accounting explains the recordings of membership fee and giftgiving. In view of recording membership fees it is not questionable when they have to be entered in the costs of the period. However, a question arises if it is necessary to record receivables for them. Due to the fact that during a certain period a non-profit person has the right to require the payment of membership fees, the receivables should obviously be presented. Giftgiving represents an expenditure of the donator regardless of the type of gift. However, a question arises whether in the case of donating long-term non-financial assets, which have a certain book value, should be recorded as expenditure for giftgiving or unwritten value of the long-term non-financial assets.
Autor: Mr. sc. Nada DREMEL , dipl. oec., ovl. rač., ovl. rev. i porezni savjetnik
The article presents the obligations of the employer when the employees requires an unpaid holiday in the case he/she continues education (at his/her own wish). It also provides the answer whether the employee has the right to mandatory insurance (pension and health insurance) during the period of unpaid holiday.
Autor: Anamarija Miletić , dipl. oec., ACCA i ovl. rev.
After 1 July 2013, when Croatia accessed into the European Union, the Croatian social security system was compliedwith the social security system of the European Union. The social security system of all the EU member countries is determined by the Directives of the EU Council, which comprise the criteria according to which the status of the employed persons is determined within the social security system. The insured person, an employee, may belong to the social security system of only one member country, regardless of the employer’s headquarters, with whom the person is employed. Accordingly, a person with the permanent residence in Croatia may sign the contract on employment with the employer who has the headquarters in other member country and thus remain the insured person in the social security system of Croatia. Equally, there is a possibility to recruit the insured persons in Croatia based on the contract of employment signed with the employer with the headquarters in the third country with which Croatia has signed the agreement on social security. The contributions paid for such insured persons which provide the rights form the social security are paid according to the regulations of the Republic of Croatia. The income tax is paid by such persons according to the tax regulations valid in the Republic of Croatia.
Autor: Lucija TURKOVIĆ-JARŽA, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač.
The rights of employees to health protection and health insurance in the case of injuries at work and professional diseases are determined by the Act on Compulsory Health Insurance and the Rulebook on the rights, conditions and the way of exercising the rights from the obligatory health insurance in the case of injury at work and professional disease. During the period of sick leave due to the injury at work i.e. professional disease the workers have the right to the corresponding compensation paid by the Croatian Health Insurance Institute from the first day of health insurance. The determination of the compensation for sick leavedue to the injury at work i.e. professional disease is realized under the more favourable conditions. The compensation is determined to the amount of 100% of the averagely paid salaries in the previous six months prior to the insured case without limitations. If no salary was paid in the previous six months, the compensations is determined according to the contracted salary. Due to the fact that such a compensation is paid on the account of the Croatian Health Insurance Fund, the contributions and the income tax are not to be paid.
Autor: Lucija TURKOVIĆ-JARŽA, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač.
The author of the article explains the cases when the Croatian tax payers should be registered for the VAT needs in Germany when they perform delivery of goods and/or services in this member country. The article presents the examples of the possible acts upon the sales of goods in Germany, the export of goods from Germany into the third countries, the delivery of goods from Germany ino other EU member countries, etc. The article also explains the activities regarding the deliveries of services on the territory of Germany and the services which are delivered from other EU member countries into Germany. Finally, the text offers the instructions regarding the procedure of registration of the Croatian tax payers for the VAT needs in Germany as well as further obligations, such as the submission of the VAT Form, VAT payment, etc.
When performing their working activities, employees may suffer an injury at work or get a professional disease. In such a case an employee may have the right to the compensation for damages suffered during the period of performing the activities and tasks stated in the contract on employment, including the activities performed for the benefit and in favour of the employer. The article provides the instructions to the payers in the specific cases and states whether such a compensation subjects to taxation.
The liability to pay a corporate tax or a tax on a company’s name comprises legal persons or their business units, as well as physical persons if they perform business activities under a company’s name. Such a liability is determined by the law and the decisions made by cities and municipalities. The payers of the corporate tax or the tax on a company’s name are legal persons who pay profit tax or physical persons who pay either profit tax or income tax. The stated persons who do not perform business activities do not pay a corporate tax. If a company is in bankruptcy or liquidation process and does not perform any activities, it does not pay a corporate tax or a tax on a company’s name.
Autor: Mr. sc. Mirjana MAHOVIĆ KOMLJENOVIĆ, dipl. oec.
When trading with alcohol and beverages the tariff payers in the Republic of Croatia should label the products with the special labels issued by the Ministry of Finance. The wines produced in the Republic of Croatia, which are put on the market of the Republic of Croatia, should, according to the Decision on putting on sale, be marked by the labels i.e. ribbons issued by the Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Country, the Institute for Vine Growing and Wine Production. A tax payer who sells tariff products which are classified as his/her own agricultural products may sell them without issuing an invoice on the open markets and other open spaces, i.e. in the case when such a sale is allowed by the written consent of the authorized customs office. In the case of sales to other tax payer or the person who is not a tax payer, the seller is obliged to issue an invoice. The tariff products, which have already been put into consumption in another EU member country and which are transported in the Republic of Croatia by the person for his/her own needs, do not subject to tariff payment in the Republic of Croatia. The products brought in from the third country are tax exempted up to a certain amount and quantities of beverages.
The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia made two decisions in the period of one year to start up the proceedings regarding the compliance of the provisions of the Income Tax Act with the Constitution of the Republic of Croatiareferring to taxation of payment of retained earnings and dividends realized in the period from 2005 to the end of 2011. On 18 June 2014 the Constitutional Court made a Decision on cancellation of the disputable article of the Act, which means that the retroactive taxation of payment of such profits was cancelled. The Decision was disclosed and became effective on 11 July 2014. Since this date on all the profits made in the period from 2005 till the end of 2011 may be paid without paying the income tax of 12%.
Odbor za međunarodne računovodstvene standarde (dalje: IASB) objavio je u svibnju 2014. godine usvojene amandmane na MRS 16 - Nekretnine, postrojenja i oprema i na MRS 38 - Nematerijalna imovina koji se odnose na prihvatljive metode amortizacije. Ovim se amandmanima smatra neprihvatljivom metoda obračuna amortizacije na osnovi prihoda (Revenue method). Prvi se amandman odnosi na svotu amortizacije i razdoblje amortizacije te na prihvatljive metode amortizacije. Ovi se amandmani primjenjuju na financijske izvještaje za razdoblje koje započinje 1. siječnja 2016. ili poslije, a prijašnja se primjena dopušta. Razlog zbog kojeg se metoda obračuna amortizacije na osnovi prihoda smatra neprihvatljivom jest ovisnost ostvarenog prihoda o velikom broju čimbenika koji određuju prihod od prodaje, a zbroj troškova ostvarenja učinaka, među kojima je amortizacija jedan od najznačajnijih pojedinačnih troškova, samo je jedan od čimbenika prodajne cijene, tj. prihoda i ne mora biti s njim u izravnoj korelaciji. Radi navedenog udjela troškova amortizacije u prihodu prodaje nije dobra mjera tih troškova, koji izravno ovise o troškovima nabave i vijeku trajanja imovine. U obrazloženju ovog amandmana navedene su ostale prihvatljive metode te razlozi zbog kojih svaka od prikazanih metoda može biti u konkretnim uvjetima najprihvatljivija. 1. Svota amortizacije i vijek uporabe 2. Metode amortizacije 3. Vremenske metode amortizacije 4. Funkcionalna metoda amortizacije 5. Ostale metode amortizacije 6. Ostatak vrijednosti 7. Zaključak
Autori: Prof. dr. sc. Josipa MRŠA Hrvoje KATUNAR , mag. oec i univ. spec. rač.
According to the public announcement of the Croatian National Bank the new average interest rate is 5.29%. Accordingly, the new default interest rate, which is calculated in the case of overdue payments in relations between enterprises and enterprises and the persons of public law, in which the oerson of the public law is a debtor of cash liabilities, amounts to 12.29% annually (5.29 – 1 + 8) as of 1 July 2014. The author of this article explains the new way of determining default interests and includes some issues regarding the parallel application of the provisions of the two Acts, which presently define this topic (the Act on Obligatory Relations and the Act on Financial Operations and Pre-Bankruptcy Settlement).
Although the farmers in the European Union grow various crops (except rice), the quantity is not sufficient to satisfy the demand for such products. Therefore, certain quantities have to be imported. In order to protect the EU market from the import of low quality goods, the viewpoint of the Commission is that the better quality of the cereals and rice imported in the European Union is, the lower customs tariffs should be introduced on their import, or even suspended.
The food products placed on the market of the Republic of Croatia have to meet the corresponding requirements of the regulations on food, which also include labelling of food in the proper way according to such regulations. The entity engaged in business activities with food is obliged to secure that the food fulfils the corresponding safety conditions, health safety and is properly labelled or identified in some other way, which provides its traceability from the place of production to the place of sales or consumption. The article presents the data which should be stated on food labels and the way of labelling food products which are placed on the market.
The Croatian Parliament passed the new Labour Act in July 2014, which determines a lot of issues regarding labour relations in the Republic of Croatia in a new way. In view of the goals which should be realized in practice through the application of this Act, the article provides an overview of the particular provisions which determine the issues such as recruitment, termination of contract on employment and ceding employees to other employers. The article also presents the new provisions regarding worktime schedule, overtime work and additional work, including the flexible forms of recruitment (such as through the mediation of the agency for temporary recruitment).
The new Labour Act, which became effective in July 2014, introduced certain changes in the Croatian labour law. One of the new provisions refers to the termination of contract on employment made by the decision of one party, i.e. the statement which is called the termination of the contract on employment and comprises a notice period. From the practical point of view, these are important new issues due to the fact that termination of employment has become rather frequent. The author of the article presents the new provisions regarding the above stated issues and provides the relevant examples of termination of employment and the corresponding enactments.
The right to the planned medical treatment in the EU member countries and the European economic area is determined according to the European legal regulations, which the Republic of Croatia is obliged to apply as a new EU member country. Going on a medical treatment abroad, i.e. into the countries outside the European Union is regulated by the national legislation, according to the contracts on social security signed by the Republic of Croatia in certain countries.
The author of this article analyses some relevant issues regarding extraordinary termination of contract on employment, especially from the viewpoint of the justifiable reasons for such termination based on the recent court practice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, valid even now, when the new Labour Act has become effective. Such a termination is the final measure applied in the case of the serious violation of the obligations from the labour relation, which cannot last any more.
The new Act on Associations becomes effective on 1 October 2014. It introduces the new institutes and changes the existing ones referring to operations of associations, which associations will have to consider within the corresponding period. The goal of the new Act is to remove the imperfections which have been observed upon the application of the present Act. This article briefly summarizes the reasons of passing this Act, the changes of statutes of associations, association management, changes in registration of associations, termination of operations of associations, limitations in the economic activities of associations, the overall control of operations of associations and liquidation of an association.
Besides the accounting regulations, which determine filing of bookkeeping records, there is a large number of regulations comprising the above stated issues, especially tax regulations which determine the filing of materials. In view of the budgetary system, this article analyses the regulations regarding archives (filing).
Autori: Dr. sc. Silvija BABIĆ Mr. sc. Nada DREMEL , dipl. oec., ovl. rač., ovl. rev. i porezni savjetnik
In the Republic of Croatia the prevention of the conflict of interests has been determined by a number of specific acts, depending on whether such an issue refers to public officials, civil servants or local officials. This article presents an overview of the legal regulations regarding the conflict of interests of officials, civil servants, local officials and includes the analysis of some specifics i.e. the collision of the acts referring to the regulation of conflict of interests among local officials.
The special act regulates the rights, obligations and responsibilities of employees clerks in the administrative departments and services of the units of local and regional self-governments, including some other issues important for the realization of the rights and obligations of the employees and clerks and their recruitment. The article deals with the recruitment issues and presents a number of samples of the corresponding documents.
In the structure of economy in Croatia the largest number of enterprises is engaged in the trading activities (27.2%) The dominant role of enterprises engaged in trading activities is confirmed according to the number of companies, the number of employees and the totally realized income and expenditure. Besides this activity, other important business activities, taking into consideration the same criteria, comprise processing industry, construction industry, professional, scientific and technical activities, whereas the importance of other activities is considerably smaller.
1. Opći pregled prema novim podatcima 2. Cijene u RH i EU-u 3. Industrijska proizvodnja RH 4. Proizvođačke cijene industrije RH i EU-a 5. Vanjskotrgovinska razmjena 7. Trgovina na malo 7. Turizam 8. Plaće 9. Likvidnost i insolventnost 10. Zaposlenost i nezaposlenost Hrvatske i EU-a
